66. J

Jagat: Universe

Jagat guru: Master of the whole Universe

Janaka: a noble and benevolent king who ruled Mithila; father of princess Sītā (ref. Rāmāyaṇa).

Janārdana: another name for Lord Kṛṣṇa

Japa: repetition of mantras, sacred sounds either silently or loudly

Jīvātman: the ordinary soul

Jīvan Mukti: the science of living enlightenment, living a liberated life while in the body

Jīvan Mukti Vijñāna: the science of Living Enlightenment

Jñānendriya: organs of knowledge

K

Kapila Muni: founder of Sāṅkhya philosophy in Sanatana dharma; the founding father of Mahānirvaṇi Pīṭha;

Kalpa: According to Vedic cosmology, one cycle of 4 Yugas is 4.32 million years. Brahma's 1 day is equal to 1,000 cycles of 4 yugas, called 1 Kalpa. (see Yuga)

Kāma: sensory pleasures, also means lust

Karma: spiritual laws of cause and effect, driven by root patterns.

Karmendriya: organs of action

Karmī: one driven by his lowest possibility.

Karṇa: son of Kuntī, also is a step brother to the Pāṇḍavas; renowned for his generosity

Kaurava: one of the two principal clans in Mahābhārat, sons of Dhṛitarāśtṛa.

Keśava: another name for Lord Kṛṣṇa

Kṛṣṇārjuna Saṃvād: the divine talk between Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna; another name for Bhagavad Gītā

Kṛpācārya: a great general who fought in Kurukṣetra battle on the side of the Kauravas

Kriya: technique or practice within a yoga discipline meant to achieve a specific result.

Kṣaṇa: moment in time; refers to time between two thoughts

Kṣatriya: warrior class

Kurukṣetra: the sacred land where the great world war of Mahābharat was fought between Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas in the Haryana state

L

Lakṣmī: goddess of wealth and fortune; divine consort of Śrī Viṣṇu Līlā: divine play; acts of the Divine

Līlā Dhyāna: act of meditating on the Divine plays of Lord or Guru.

M

Mahābhārat: Great Hindu epic; Itihās-5th Veda; whose central characters are 5 Pāṇḍava princes with their wife Draupadī, their hundred Kaurava cousins; with Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa; ascribed by Bhagavān Veda Vyāsa. Mahābhārat is personification of Bhagāvad Gītā.

Muni: realized, awakened being

Mula vāsana: root thought pattern; the behaviorial kārmic imprints

Māyā: that which is not reality, but gives the illusion that it is real—'yā mā iti māya'; all life is māyā according to Advaita

Mādhava: another name for Lord Kṛṣṇa; means 'husband of Goddess of fortune.

Madhusūdana: another name for Kṛṣṇa, slayer of the demon madhu

Mahākaśa: the whole cosmos

Mahānirvaṇi Pīṭha: the most ancient apex official body of Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism). It traces its recorded roots to 8th century A.D revived by Ādī Śaṇkara.

Mahāvīra: Varthamana Mahāvira was the 24th and last tīrthaṅkara or

enlightened one.

Mamakāra: inner image you carry about yourself.

Manana: contemplating or intranalyzing

Mano śakti: (or manosiddhi) the power of thinking.

Mantra: sacred sound or chants to worship and invoke the Divine

Mokṣa: liberation; same as nirvāṇa, samādhi.

Mula vichāra dhārā: (or mūla vāsana) Saṃskṛit word for 'root thought pattern'

N

Nārāyaṇa: another name for Lord Viṣṇu

Nārāyaṇī Senā: most powerful divine army of Lord Nārāyaṇa as Śrī Kṛṣna; Kṛṣna gave His army to Duryodhana in Mahābhārat war

Nara: man; depicts human aspect of lord Viṣṇu; reflection of Nārāyaṇa

Nididhyāsana: powerfully living and radiating the Truth.

Nirguṇa: formless energy

Nirguṇa brahman: consciousness that cannot be limited to a form

Nirvāṇa : liberation; same as mokṣa, samādhi

Nityānanda: (Nithyānanda) eternal (nitya) bliss (ānanda); name and state of Paramahamsa Nithyananda

Niyama: moral discipline, second of eight paths of Aṣṭāṇga Yoga.

P

Pāṇḍu: father of Pāṇḍavas, husband of Kuntī Pāṇḍavas: five brothers in Mahābharata, also sons of Pāṇḍu Pañca bhūta: five elemental energies that sustain us, namely, earth, water, fire, air and ether Pañca indriya: five senses Pāñcajanya: Lord Kṛṣṇa's conch Pārtha: (lit: son of Prithā or Kuntī); name of Arjuna called lovingly by

Kṛṣṇa

Parantapa: another name of Arjuna; means the destroyer of enemies

Parabrahma Kṛṣṇa: Kṛṣṇa as the cosmic energy, the Supreme God

Parāśakti: Supreme cosmic energy; Ādi Śakti, source of existence

Paramahamsa: (lit. 'supreme swan'); Enlightened being; title for enlightened spiritual Masters, in the state of non-duality, Advaita.

Patañjali: father, founder of Yoga; author of yoga treatise called Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras

Piṇḍāṇḍa: individual microcosm or micro-universe; space enclosed in form

Prāṇāyāma: lit: 'extension of life-energy force' through breath modulation and control; the fourth limb of the Āṣṭāṇga Yoga.

Prārabdha karma: karmas based on which this life has been assumed

Prakṛti: Nature

Pratyāhāra: fifth limb of Patañjali's Aṣṭaṇga Yoga referring to turning

Pravṛitti: looking outward (worldly life), 'path of incompletion leading to more incompletion.'

Prema śakti: (or prema siddhi) the power of feeling.

Puṇya: merit, beneficence

Purāṇa: the great historical happenings and narrations that depict the glory of Divine and Its sacred plays, līlās

Puruṣa: the personification of the Supreme energy

Puruṣottama: Supreme Being amongst all beings

Pūrṇāvatār: complete, absolute Incarnation of God.

Pūrṇa: literally 'complete'

Pūrnatva: the space or state of 'completion' that signifies the Truth that from completion (whole) comes the Whole.

R

Rāga: attachment Rājaṛṣi: king who is also a sage Rājasūya yāga: a great sacrifice performed to celebrate victory of a king who is declared as an emporer over many kingdoms.

Rajas, rajasic: the second characteristic of the three human guṇa or behaviour modes, referring to passionate action

Rāma: Supreme God, 7th main Incarnation of Lord Viṣṇu who appeared in Treta Yuga to re-establish dharma.

Ramaṇa Maharshi: Enlightened Master, Incarnation from Tiruvannamalai

Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahamsa: Enlightenend Master, Incarnation from Dakṣiṇeśvar, West Bengal, India.

Rāvaṇa: adhārmic (unrighteous) emperor of Lanka with demonic qualitiies, who abducted Devi Sītā, consort of Lord Rāma (ref. Rāmāyaṇa).

Rāsa līlā: divine dance of the gopīs, Kṛṣṇa's devotees

Ṛṣi: a sage who is the seer of Truth

Rudra: another name for Lord Śiva

S

Sādhu: literally a 'good person'; refers to an ascetic; same as sannyāsī

Saguṇa: with form

Saguṇa brahman: the formless in form

Sakha bhāva: relationship of friendship between Master-disciple

Śakti: energy; Parāśakti refers to universal energy, divinity.

Samādhi: state of no-mind, no-thoughts; literally, becoming one's original state; liberated, enlightened state.

Saṁśaya: doubt

Saṁskāra: Root thought patterns; the embedded past memories of unfulfilled desires.

Saṁsāra Sāgara: ocean of wordly life-death.

Sanātana dharma: eternal path of righteous living (later called Hinduism), Ultimate Truths with the possibility to evolve.

Sañcita karma: our complete bank of unfulfilled karmas

Sañjaya: the narrator who tells blind Dhṛtarāṣṭra the progress of the Mahābhārat war from day to day.

Śakti: energy; also name of Devi as primal energy of Cosmos

Sāṅkhya philosophy: one of the six schools of Indian philosophy expounded by Kapila Muni.

Sannyāsa: completion with worldly life; living for enriching others; Śāstra: sacred texts

Satori: high state of consciousness

Satsang: spiritual gatherings; lit. 'association (sanga) of Truth (sat)'

Satva, satvic: highest attribute or guṇa of spiritual calmness

Siddhi: extraordinary powers attained through spiritual practice

Siṁha svapna: nightmare

Śiṣya: disciple

Śiva: rejuvenator in the trinity; or Mahādev. Śiva means 'causeless auspiciousness, mangalatva'.

Smṛti: (lit: 'that which is remembered'); refers to Hindu works which are rules, regulations, laws, lifestyle, such as Manu's works, Purāṇas etc.

Śraddhā: tattva of authenticity; trust, courageous faith.

Śravaṇa: authentic listening. One of the three concepts in Hinduism (Vedānta)—Śravana, Manana, Nididhyāsana.

Śruti: (lit: that which is heard) ancient revealed scriptures of Vedas, Upaniṣads, Bhagavad Gītā; retained by Sages just by one listening.

Sloka: a saṃskṛit verse stanza made of a group of pada and sllyables chanted in a meter rhythm style or chanda

Śūdra: community that contributes by physical work, sharing their time

Sūtra: (lit: 'thread') refers to epigrams, short verses that impart precise spiritual techniques

Sūtradhāra: controller and director of the technique

Svānyakāra: the Life image—the image and expectation you carry about life.

Svajanam: means 'my people, my relatives'. Term used by Arjuna in Arjunaviṣāda Yoga to state his untold grief in killing 'his people'

Svadharmam: means 'my dharma.' Term uttered by Śri Kṛṣṇa to teach the true path of self-righteousness.

Svapuṛnatva: lit. means 'self-completion' in Saṃskṛit.

Swāmiji: address of respect to one's Guru, Master

T

Tamas, tamasic: guṇa or attribute of laziness, or inaction Tathāstu: lit. So be it or let it happen; a blessing Tapas: severe spiritual penance done voluntarily for inner purification Tattva: philosophy or realm

Tattva satya: the existential reality; the truth of philosophy

Taittreya Upaniṣad: One of the main/Mukhya Upaniṣads associated with Taittriya school of Yajur Veda; intrumental in spreading Vedānta

Triguṇa rahita: beyond the three guṇas of rajas, tamas and satva

Tripuṭi: the triad of knower, known and knowledge

Tyāga: renunciation

U

Uttarāyaṇam: six months that the sun travels in the north Upaniṣads: (lit. sitting with Guru) revealed scriptures that form the essence of Vedic text, showing the direct path to Divine.

V

Vairāgya: beyond attachment and detachment Vaiśyas: business community involved in business, merchandize Vāk śakti: (or vāk siddhi) the power of words;

Varṇa dharma: duty of one's community based on one's natural attributes and not as per birth

Vāsanā: mental set up

Vāsudeva: father of Lord Kṛṣṇa

Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa: Kṛṣṇa, the mortal being, the son of Vāsudeva

Veda Vyāsa : author of Mahābhārat, Brahma Sūtras; grandfather to the Pāṇḍavas; lord of Enlightened Masters; compiler of Vedas.

Vedānta: (lit: 'essence or end of Vedas'); describes a group of philosophical traditions concerned with science of Self-realization

Vidyādāna: giving education to meet someone's mental growth

Virāṭa rupa: true universal form of Kṛṣṇa

Viṣṇu: supreme god in Vaiśnavite tradition of Sanatana Dharma; He is the energy that pervades and sustains the Universe; also 'Nārāyaṇa'

Viśāda: grief, dilemma, deep sorrow

Viśiṣṭādvaita: school of thought that says the individual self is a part of existence with its own attributes

Vivekānanda: primary disciple of Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahamsa, Founder of the Rāmakṛṣṇa Order. 19th century Enlightened Master.

Vyakta: seen or manifest

Y

Yādava: the birth clan of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Yādava (moon) dynasty Yogabhraṣṭha: one who has fallen away from the path of Yoga

Yoga: to unite or to become 'one' with Divine.

Yogī: practitioner of yoga

Yudhiṣṭra: eldest of Pāṇḍavas, renowned for his unflinching adherence to truth, which earned him the title 'Dharmarāja—king of Dharma'

Yuga: time period that spans millions of human years; in Vedic period, there are four yuga namely—Satya Yuga (Nithya Yuga), Treta Yoga, Dwāpar Yuga and Kali Yuga.

Samskrit Pronunciation Guide .

S aṃskṛit is Devabhāśa, meaning the language of the Gods. It is the sacred and sophisticated language or bhāśā, the source of all languages and vocal expressions from time eternal. Spoken by the Gods, it is the first langauge of the world, which flourished in the land of Bhāratavarśa (India).

Saṃskṛitaṃ is a perfect language of the perfect or enlightened ones, used by the learned sages and divine beings to express the sacred eternal Truths.

Bhagavad Gītā is the direct speech of the Divine—Bhagavān, Parabrahma Śrī Kṛṣṇa sung in His own sound, in the most-refined and kingly Saṃskṛit poetry. Just by chanting the Gītā, we can experience the pure space and energy of Śrī Kṛṣṇa and His teachings; the most confidential, sacred Truths. Ādī Śankaracārya, the great Enlightened Master sings in Bhaja Govindaṁ, 'Even a little chanting of the Bhagavad Gītā will liberate you from death.'

Saṃskṛit is now mostly written in Devanāgiri script, meaning 'the city of Gods', which is also the Hindi language script. Throughout this book, the diacritical marks have been rendered to indicate the right pronunciation of each Saṃskṛit sound in the English letter as per the accepted saṃskṛit transliteration system.

	Hard	Hard Aspirate	Soft	Soft Aspirate	Soft Nasal	Soft Semi-	Hard Sibilants
						vowels
Guttural	क ka	ख kha	गी ga	घ gha	ड़ na	& ha	: h
Palatal	न्च ca	छ cha	ज ja	इ। jha	ज ña	य ya	રી ૬૩
Lingual	ਟ ta	o ta	ड da	ਫ dha	ण na	र ra	ष sa
Dental	त ta	थ tha	द da	ध्य dha	न na	ल la	स sa
Labial	प pa	फ pha	ब ba	भ bha	H ma	व va	: m

Numerals

0- 0 1-- 1 2- 2 3- 3 4 - 4 5- 5 6- 6 7- 7 8- 8 9- 9

Consonant Pronuncations

• • Gutteral: ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa—pronounced from the throat.
• • Palatal: ca, cha, ja, jha, ña—pronounced with the middle of the tougue against the palate
• • Lingual or Cerebral: ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa—pronounced from the tip of the tougue against the roof of the mouth
• • Dental: ta, tha, da, dha, na—pronounced like the cerebrals but with the tongue against the teeth
• • Labial: pa, pha, b, bh, m—pronounced with the lips
• • Semivowel: ya, ra, la, va
• • Anusvara: ṁ—a resonant nasal sound (mm)
• • Visarga: ḥ—an outbreath h-sound like aḥ (aha), iḥ (ihi)
• **• Aspirate: h—**a short h-sound (h)